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Industry observers

  • 1 experto empresarial

    Ex. Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.
    * * *

    Ex: Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.

    Spanish-English dictionary > experto empresarial

  • 2 afianzarse

    pron.v.
    to steady oneself; to become strong, become established.
    * * *
    1 (estabilizarse) to steady oneself
    2 (convencerse) to become surer, become more convinced
    * * *
    VPR (=sostenerse) to steady o.s.; (fig) (=establecerse) to become strong, become established
    * * *
    (v.) = gain + a foothold, establish + strong positions, find + Posesivo + feet, find + Posesivo + footing
    Ex. Desktop publishing technology is now a serious trend which has gained a firm foothold in the USA.
    Ex. Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.
    Ex. Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex. The call still remains for true advocacy librarianship which has still not found its footing as a general principle in library schools.
    * * *
    (v.) = gain + a foothold, establish + strong positions, find + Posesivo + feet, find + Posesivo + footing

    Ex: Desktop publishing technology is now a serious trend which has gained a firm foothold in the USA.

    Ex: Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.
    Ex: Although it may have taken a little while to find its feet, this collection is now a most significant resource in its own right, due in no small measure by the stimulation provided by Victorian historians.
    Ex: The call still remains for true advocacy librarianship which has still not found its footing as a general principle in library schools.

    * * *

    ■afianzarse vr (persona) to become established
    (una situación) to be consolidated
    ' afianzarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    despegar
    - afianzar
    English:
    foothold
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [en lugar] to steady oneself;
    afianzarse en una posición [en organización] to establish oneself in a position;
    el puerto se ha afianzado como centro comercial de la zona the port has established itself as the trading centre of the area
    2. [idea, creencia] to take root;
    [relación] to become stronger o closer;
    se afianzó en su opinión he became more convinced of his opinion
    * * *
    v/r become stronger
    * * *
    vr
    establecerse: to establish oneself

    Spanish-English dictionary > afianzarse

  • 3 ceder terreno

    v.
    to give ground, to give way, to lose ground.
    * * *
    figurado to give way
    * * *
    to give ground ([a, ante] to)
    * * *
    (v.) = yield + ground, lose + ground
    Ex. Libraries of the future will not be paperless, although paper will yield ground to other formats.
    Ex. Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.
    * * *
    (v.) = yield + ground, lose + ground

    Ex: Libraries of the future will not be paperless, although paper will yield ground to other formats.

    Ex: Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ceder terreno

  • 4 perder terreno

    v.
    to lose ground.
    * * *
    * * *
    (v.) = lose + ground
    Ex. Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.
    * * *
    (v.) = lose + ground

    Ex: Industry observers felt that Microsoft was losing ground to companies that had established strong positions, such as Netscape Communications Corp.

    Spanish-English dictionary > perder terreno

  • 5 observador

    adj.
    watchful, observant, observing, sharp-eyed.
    m.
    observer, watcher, beholder.
    * * *
    1 observant
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 observer
    * * *
    1. (f. - observadora)
    noun
    2. (f. - observadora)
    adj.
    * * *
    observador, -a
    1.
    2.
    SM / F observer

    observador(a) extranjero/a — foreign observer

    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo observant
    II
    - dora masculino, femenino observer
    * * *
    = observer, sharp-eyed, viewer, observant.
    Ex. A number of observers and critics of professional education for library and information work has expressed concern at the failure of SLIS to respond rapidly and sensitively to such IT induced changes.
    Ex. Sharp-eyed researchers noted that twenty-three per cent of the people who came did so in order to meet someone or to use the phone.
    Ex. Informative abstracts have been compared to a skeleton with all the flesh missing -- the viewer is given enough detail to accurately reconstruct what the departed soul must have looked like.
    Ex. Every member of staff has a duty to be observant where safety is concerned.
    ----
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall.
    * fiabilidad entre observadores = interobserver reliability.
    * observador de aves y pájaros = birder, birder, birdwatcher [bird-watcher].
    * observador industrial = industry watcher.
    * * *
    I
    - dora adjetivo observant
    II
    - dora masculino, femenino observer
    * * *
    = observer, sharp-eyed, viewer, observant.

    Ex: A number of observers and critics of professional education for library and information work has expressed concern at the failure of SLIS to respond rapidly and sensitively to such IT induced changes.

    Ex: Sharp-eyed researchers noted that twenty-three per cent of the people who came did so in order to meet someone or to use the phone.
    Ex: Informative abstracts have been compared to a skeleton with all the flesh missing -- the viewer is given enough detail to accurately reconstruct what the departed soul must have looked like.
    Ex: Every member of staff has a duty to be observant where safety is concerned.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall.
    * fiabilidad entre observadores = interobserver reliability.
    * observador de aves y pájaros = birder, birder, birdwatcher [bird-watcher].
    * observador industrial = industry watcher.

    * * *
    observant
    masculine, feminine
    observer
    Compuesto:
    observador/observadora de aves
    masculine, feminine
    birdwatcher
    * * *

    observador
    ◊ - dora sustantivo masculino, femenino

    observer
    observador,-ora
    I sustantivo masculino y femenino observer
    II adjetivo observant

    ' observador' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    observadora
    - calidad
    - título
    English:
    detached
    - observant
    - observer
    - bird
    - sit
    * * *
    observador, -ora
    ♦ adj
    observant
    ♦ nm,f
    observer
    * * *
    I adj observant;
    ser muy observador be very observant
    II m, observadora f observer
    * * *
    : observant
    : observer, watcher
    * * *
    observador adj observant

    Spanish-English dictionary > observador

  • 6 controlar

    v.
    1 to control.
    Pedro controla su vida al fin Peter controls his life at last.
    María controla a sus hijos con lástima Mary controls her kids through pity.
    2 to check.
    3 to watch, to keep an eye on.
    4 to take over, to control.
    María controla los negocios Mary takes over business.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to control
    2 (comprobar) to check
    1 (moderarse) to control oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=dominar) [+ situación, emoción, balón, vehículo, inflación] to control

    los rebeldes controlan ya todo el país — the rebels now control the whole country, the rebels are now in control of the whole country

    no controlo muy bien ese tema — * I'm not very hot on that subject *

    2) (=vigilar)

    contrólame al niño mientras yo estoy fuera — * can you keep an eye on the child while I'm out

    controla que no hierva el café — * make sure the coffee doesn't boil, see that the coffee doesn't boil

    3) (=regular) to control
    2.
    VI *
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dominar) <nervios/impulsos/persona> to control
    2) ( vigilar) <inflación/proceso> to monitor

    controlar el peso/la línea — to watch one's weight/one's waistline

    3) ( regular) <presión/inflación> to control
    2.
    controlarse v pron
    1) ( dominarse) to control oneself
    2) ( vigilar) <peso/colesterol> to check, monitor
    * * *
    = control, get + command of, govern, keep + a rein on, keep within + bounds, monitor, regulate, peg, police, master, command, scourge, keep down + Nombre, stem + the tide of, bring under + control, hold in + line, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, hold + the reins of, corral, check up on, keep + tabs on, wield + control, hold + sway (over), wiretap [wire-tap], hold + the line, keep + a tight hold on, take + control of, stay on top of, stay in + control, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.
    Ex. These fields control the access to the main record and are all fixed length fields.
    Ex. The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex. It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.
    Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex. Costs can be kept within reasonable bounds if a method appropriate to the specific application is chosen.
    Ex. Ideally it should be possible to include some form of student assessment or to monitor the student's progress.
    Ex. Built into each operator are sets of instructions to the computer which regulate where the term must appear in the printed entries generated from the string, typefaces, and necessary punctuation.
    Ex. After a couple of months, I had his overall behavior pretty well pegged.
    Ex. For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex. The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex. Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex. The reference librarian must always resist an impulse to be glib; he must scourge and throttle his vanity; he must reach a conclusion rather than begin with it.
    Ex. Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex. This article discusses some strategies that are being developed to stem the tide of losses caused worldwide by piracy.
    Ex. But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex. The library staff consists of 6 professional librarians and 11 clerical workers, all of whom are held firmly in line by the forceful personality of the director, a retired military colonel.
    Ex. Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex. The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex. This trend may also be explained by the hegemony of those who hold the reins of international publication.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Microfilm retrieval system corrals paper flood for Ameritech publishing'.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex. Influence and control is currently wielded by sterile professionals who are blind to the need to develop services beyond print.
    Ex. This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex. The implementation of this system would enable law enforcement agencies to wiretap all digital communication.
    Ex. The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.
    Ex. A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    Ex. Five years after they took control of war-ravaged Afghanistan, reconstruction remains a job half done.
    Ex. Adapting to change -- and staying on top of the changes -- is a huge key to success in industry.
    Ex. This section of the book is all about how to stay in control of your personal information.
    Ex. If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex. The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.
    ----
    * controlar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar las finanzas = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * controlar los gastos = control + costs, contain + costs.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * controlarse = command + Reflexivo, pace.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( dominar) <nervios/impulsos/persona> to control
    2) ( vigilar) <inflación/proceso> to monitor

    controlar el peso/la línea — to watch one's weight/one's waistline

    3) ( regular) <presión/inflación> to control
    2.
    controlarse v pron
    1) ( dominarse) to control oneself
    2) ( vigilar) <peso/colesterol> to check, monitor
    * * *
    = control, get + command of, govern, keep + a rein on, keep within + bounds, monitor, regulate, peg, police, master, command, scourge, keep down + Nombre, stem + the tide of, bring under + control, hold in + line, gain + control (over/of), get + a grip on, hold + the reins of, corral, check up on, keep + tabs on, wield + control, hold + sway (over), wiretap [wire-tap], hold + the line, keep + a tight hold on, take + control of, stay on top of, stay in + control, rein in, hold + Nombre + in.

    Ex: These fields control the access to the main record and are all fixed length fields.

    Ex: The great storyteller, FC Sayers, having advised the beginner to 'steep himself in folklore until the elemental themes are part of himself,' explains how best to get command of a tale.
    Ex: It is not sufficient merely to describe the processes that govern the creation and generation of indexing and abstracting data.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    Ex: Costs can be kept within reasonable bounds if a method appropriate to the specific application is chosen.
    Ex: Ideally it should be possible to include some form of student assessment or to monitor the student's progress.
    Ex: Built into each operator are sets of instructions to the computer which regulate where the term must appear in the printed entries generated from the string, typefaces, and necessary punctuation.
    Ex: After a couple of months, I had his overall behavior pretty well pegged.
    Ex: For many centuries local authorities have been responsible for policing Weights and Measures Acts and regulations and, where a breach of legislation was uncovered, would prosecute in the criminal court.
    Ex: The library director strove to master his frustration.
    Ex: Very few engravers commanded the necessary artistry.
    Ex: The reference librarian must always resist an impulse to be glib; he must scourge and throttle his vanity; he must reach a conclusion rather than begin with it.
    Ex: Activities such as gardening or cookery are dealt with in many books in ways which go far beyond the simple keeping down of weeds or just filling empty stomachs.
    Ex: This article discusses some strategies that are being developed to stem the tide of losses caused worldwide by piracy.
    Ex: But the unions were able to add their weight to the authority of the parliamentary investigators in bringing the worst excesses of unregulated apprenticeship and of working conditions under control = No obstante, los sindicatos pudieron reforzar la autoridad de los investigadores parlamentarios para controlar los peores excesos que se cometían en el aprendizaje de un oficio y las condiciones laborales sin regularizar.
    Ex: The library staff consists of 6 professional librarians and 11 clerical workers, all of whom are held firmly in line by the forceful personality of the director, a retired military colonel.
    Ex: Gradually many of these conquerors came to realize that, although military might was necessary to gain control over an area, sheer force of arms was not sufficient to govern effectively.
    Ex: The article ' Getting a grip on change' argues that only by confronting the challenges and inevitability of change can libraries retain their relevancy in the information age.
    Ex: This trend may also be explained by the hegemony of those who hold the reins of international publication.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Microfilm retrieval system corrals paper flood for Ameritech publishing'.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: The physical effort of keeping tabs on people as well as the distasteful practice of checking up on staff output achieves nothing and may do considerable damage.
    Ex: Influence and control is currently wielded by sterile professionals who are blind to the need to develop services beyond print.
    Ex: This ideology appealed widely to the librarian as well as the library user and held sway for nearly a quarter of a millennium when, in 1841, a catalytic event in the history of cataloging took place.
    Ex: The implementation of this system would enable law enforcement agencies to wiretap all digital communication.
    Ex: The standpatters argue, and the progressives agree, that the tax line must be held in the interest of attracting industry = Los conservadores proponen y los progresistas están de acuerdo en que se deben contener los impuestos para atraer a la industria.
    Ex: A study of telly-addicts has found that in 45 per cent of homes mums keep a tight hold on the remote control.
    Ex: Five years after they took control of war-ravaged Afghanistan, reconstruction remains a job half done.
    Ex: Adapting to change -- and staying on top of the changes -- is a huge key to success in industry.
    Ex: This section of the book is all about how to stay in control of your personal information.
    Ex: If librarians hope to rein in escalating periodical prices, they must become more assertive consumers.
    Ex: The longer a fart is held in, the larger the proportion of inert nitrogen it contains, because the other gases tend to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the intestine.
    * controlar aún más = tighten + Posesivo + grip on.
    * controlar el presupuesto = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la economía = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar las finanzas = control + the purse strings.
    * controlar la situación = tame + the beast.
    * controlar los gastos = control + costs, contain + costs.
    * controlarlo todo = have + a finger in every pie.
    * controlarse = command + Reflexivo, pace.

    * * *
    controlar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹nervios/impulsos/emociones› to control; ‹persona/animal› to control
    controlamos la situación we are in control of the situation, we have the situation under control
    el incendio fue rápidamente controlado por los bomberos the firemen quickly got o brought the fire under control
    controlan ahora toda la zona they now control o they are now in control of the whole area
    pasaron a controlar la empresa they took control of the company
    2 ( fam); ‹tema› to know about
    estos temas no los controlo I don't know anything about these things, I'm not too well up on o hot on these things ( colloq)
    B
    (vigilar): tiene que controlar su peso he has to watch o check o ( frml) monitor his weight
    deja de controlar todos mis gastos stop checking up on how much I spend the whole time
    me tienen muy controlada they keep a close watch o they keep tabs on everything I do, they keep me on a very tight rein
    el portero controlaba las entradas y salidas the porter kept a check on everyone who came in or out
    controlé el tiempo que me llevó I timed myself o how long it took me
    C (regular) to control
    este mecanismo controla la presión this mechanism regulates o controls the pressure
    medidas para controlar la inflación measures to control inflation o to bring inflation under control
    D ( Dep) (en doping) to administer a test to
    fue controlado positivo tras su victoria he tested positive after his victory
    lo controlaron negativo he was tested negative
    A (dominarse) to control oneself
    si no se controla acabará alcoholizado if he doesn't get a grip o a hold on himself he's going to become an alcoholic
    B (vigilar) ‹peso/colesterol› to check, watch, monitor ( frml)
    se controla el peso regularmente she checks her weight regularly, she keeps a regular check on her weight
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    controlar    
    controlar algo
    controlar ( conjugate controlar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹nervios/impulsos/persona› to control;
    ‹ incendio› to bring … under control;

    pasaron a controlar la empresa they took control of the company
    2 ‹inflación/proceso› to monitor;
    ‹ persona› to keep a check on;
    ◊ controlar el peso/la línea to watch one's weight/one's waistline;

    controlé el tiempo que me llevó I timed how long it took me
    3 ( regular) ‹presión/inflación› to control
    controlarse verbo pronominal ( dominarse) to control oneself;
    ( vigilar) ‹peso/colesterol› to check, monitor
    controlar verbo transitivo
    1 to control
    2 (comprobar) to check
    ' controlar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dominar
    - fraude
    - manejar
    - potingue
    - sujetar
    - contener
    English:
    control
    - grip
    - hold down
    - manage
    - monitor
    - regiment
    - spot-check
    - stamp out
    - check
    - discipline
    - help
    - unruly
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [dominar] to control;
    controlar la situación to be in control of the situation;
    la empresa controla el 30 por ciento del mercado the company controls 30 percent of the market;
    los bomberos todavía no han conseguido controlar el incendio firefighters have still not managed to bring the fire under control;
    medidas para controlar los precios measures to control prices
    2. [comprobar, verificar] to check;
    controla el nivel del aceite check the oil level;
    controlan continuamente su tensión arterial they are continuously monitoring his blood pressure
    3. [vigilar] to watch, to keep an eye on;
    la policía controla todos sus movimientos the police watch his every move;
    nos controlan la hora de llegada they keep a check on when we arrive;
    controla que no se cuele nadie see o make sure that no one Br jumps the queue o US cuts in line
    ♦ vi
    Fam [saber] to know;
    Rosa controla un montón de química Rosa knows loads about chemistry
    * * *
    v/t
    1 control
    2 ( vigilar) check
    * * *
    1) : to control
    2) : to monitor, to check
    * * *
    1. (dominar) to control [pt. & pp. controlled]
    2. (comprobar) to check

    Spanish-English dictionary > controlar

  • 7 World War II

    (1939-1945)
       In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.
       In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.
       To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.
       The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.
       Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.
       Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.
       Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.
       Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.
       The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.
       The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.
       Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.
       In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.
       Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > World War II

  • 8 nail in the coffin

    Идиоматическое выражение: гвоздь в гробу (Observers fear that this strike will be another nail in the coffin of the industry.)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > nail in the coffin

  • 9 transfer basket

    1) Общая лексика: Корзина для пере (("personnel baskets” are used to transfer observers from platforms and barges to work boats); Traditional transfer basket is a safe personnel transfer for the offshore oil and gas industry)
    2) Ядерная физика: транспортный чехол

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > transfer basket

  • 10 Корзина для пере

    General subject: transfer basket (("personnel baskets” are used to transfer observers from platforms and barges to work boats); Traditional transfer basket is a safe personnel transfer for the offshore oil and gas industry)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Корзина для пере

  • 11 гвоздь в гробу

    Idiomatic expression: nail in the coffin (Observers fear that this strike will be another nail in the coffin of the industry.)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гвоздь в гробу

  • 12 Beobachter

    Beobachter
    observer, (bei Wahlen) watcher;
    • Beobachter aus Kreisen der Industrie industry observer;
    • für j. in einem Prozess als Beobachter fungieren to watch a case (hold a watching brief) for s. o.;
    • Beobachterdelegation observers, observation team.

    Business german-english dictionary > Beobachter

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